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Ingredient file // Vitamin or mineral

Beta-Carotene

A vitamin precursor with limited health proof

Beta-carotene is an orange pigment added to dog food as a vitamin A precursor and colorant. Dogs can convert it to vitamin A. Supplement trials changed immune test results, but an ingredient listing does not promise fewer illnesses or better eyesight.

What it is
An orange pigment that dogs can absorb and convert into vitamin A.
Made from
Usually chemically synthesized pigment
Main job
Vitamin A precursor and color
Typical amount
EU applicants proposed up to 50 mg/kg dog feed
Watch for
Potency can fall once mixed into premix or feed
Not the same as
Preformed vitamin A

Straight answer

Is Beta-Carotene safe for dogs?

Read the whole food before this pigment

Beta-carotene near the end of a list says little about the ingredients that make up most of the food. Check those ingredients and the nutritional adequacy statement first. Treat this line as a pigment with vitamin A activity, and skip promises of stronger immunity or protected eyesight.

Why it is in the food
Vitamin A precursor and color

Our read // In our catalog

In 1 of every 10 foods we track

Share of foods that list it

10%

316 of the 3,204 foods with an ingredient list on file, from 30 brands. 225 dry dog food, 81 wet dog food, 5 freeze-dried dog food.

Each square is 1% of the catalog

Where it sits on the label

Median position 26. In the top five of 2 foods, so it is usually a minor ingredient.

Top five List position, heaviest first

Above the salt

2%

Usually listed after the salt, which caps it at roughly 1% of the recipe in 98% of foods.

Price per lb

Foods with it $3.46
All foods $3.25

Median of the cheapest bag price across 190 priced foods, 6% above the catalog. The price is the food's, not the ingredient's.

Who leans on it

34%

of the foods that list it are from Hill's. 30 brands use it in total.

What it is

How it is made

Feed-grade beta-carotene is made by chemical synthesis, not pressed out of carrots. The crystals are then diluted with carriers and antioxidants into a dry preparation that mixes evenly into a vitamin premix.5,6

  1. 01 // Source Chemical starting materials Industrial synthesis joins smaller carbon-containing compounds to build the pigment.
  2. 02 // Process Make the pigment Reactions yield crystals specified at 96% or more coloring matter, with the byproduct TPPO held under 100 mg/kg.
  3. 03 // Process Blend with carriers Gelatin, carbohydrates or calcium lignosulfonate disperse the pigment, and antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C protect it.
  4. 04 // Output Dry preparation A powder of about 10% beta-carotene, weighed into the vitamin premix before the dog food is made.

What is in it

Composition, dry matter

10

% pigment

Beta-carotene in typical commercial feed preparations. The rest is carriers and antioxidants, so the ingredient as delivered is mostly not pigment.

Beta-carotene, feed preparation 10%5
Beta-carotene, pure crystals 96.7-100.3%5
Other carotenoids 0-3%5
TPPO byproduct 0-100 mg/kg5

The pure crystals are nearly all beta-carotene and lose almost no weight on drying. Carriers vary by maker, and ethoxyquin, once the usual antioxidant, has been replaced by BHT, vitamin E and vitamin C.5

Why it is in the bag

What the manufacturer gets

  1. 01

    Supplies vitamin A precursor

    Dogs convert beta-carotene into vitamin A. The amount converted from a finished food is not disclosed by an ingredient listing, so this line is no substitute for the food's nutritional adequacy statement.1,7

  2. 02

    Adds orange color

    Beta-carotene is an orange-red pigment. It changes a food's appearance without telling an owner whether the recipe contains carrots or other vegetables.6

  3. 03

    Provides a measured pigment

    Chemical synthesis supplies a consistent pigment without processing large amounts of crop material. Dry preparations give manufacturers a measured additive that mixes into feed premixes.5,6

How much An 8-week Beagle study fed 2 to 50 mg of beta-carotene daily; it does not report a usual kibble inclusion rate.4

Our read // The claims

What the evidence supports

Strong: controlled studies in dogs agree. Some: small or mixed dog data. Thin: mechanism or lab work only. None: nothing, or the evidence points the other way.

  1. Brands say

    Dogs turn beta-carotene into vitamin A

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    In a small feeding experiment, carrot-fed dogs had about 4 times the liver and kidney vitamin A of dogs fed no carrots. That supports conversion from carrots, but supplies no reliable conversion factor for a manufactured kibble additive.1

  2. Brands say

    Beta-carotene strengthens a dog's immune system

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    An 8-week Beagle trial found higher antibody levels and responses to immune tests at supplemental doses. Research in older dogs also found changes in immune markers. These studies did not show that dogs became ill less often.4

  3. Brands say

    Beta-carotene protects dogs from oxidative damage

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    In 62 sled dogs, an antioxidant blend containing 3 mg of beta-carotene daily reduced a blood marker of DNA oxidation during exercise. The blend also contained vitamin E and lutein, so the result cannot be assigned to beta-carotene.2

  4. Brands say

    Beta-carotene protects aging dogs' eyesight

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    A randomized trial in 12 Beagles found better retinal test responses and less refractive error change after 6 months on an antioxidant blend. It tested dogs with healthy eyes and several nutrients together, not beta-carotene alone or eye disease prevention.3

  5. Critics say

    Beta-carotene is just filler

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    Commercial feed preparations hold about 10% beta-carotene; carriers and antioxidants make up the rest so the pigment stays stable and mixes evenly. The active part has color and vitamin A activity, though the label does not reveal how much the recipe uses.1,5,6

Straight answers

What owners ask

  1. Q01

    Is it just filler?

    No

    It is added for its pigment and vitamin A activity. A dry preparation also contains carriers that make the pigment easier to handle. Neither the ingredient name nor its place on the list tells you how much vitamin A the dog receives.1,5,7

  2. Q02

    Does it replace vitamin A?

    Not automatically

    Dogs can convert beta-carotene to vitamin A, but an ingredient listing gives no conversion amount for the finished food. Use the nutritional adequacy statement to judge whether the whole food is intended to meet your dog's needs.1,7

  3. Q03

    Will it improve my dog's vision?

    No proof

    The eye trial tested an antioxidant blend in 12 dogs with healthy eyes. Improved retinal readings and refractive error measurements do not show that beta-carotene alone prevents eye disease or improves everyday vision.3

Who uses it

Brands, best sellers and the company it keeps

Top brands, by foods that list it

  1. Hill's 106 / 116
  2. Go! Solutions 28 / 46
  3. Now Fresh 26 / 35
  4. Earthborn Holistic 17 / 28
  5. Nature's Recipe 14 / 24
  6. Bil-Jac 13 / 32
  7. Diamond Naturals 12 / 13
  8. Diamond 12 / 30
  9. Halo 8 / 41
  10. TruDog 7 / 14

Foods that list it / all the brand's recipes we track.

Plus 20 more brands.

Amazon best sellers that list it

  1. #4 Hill’s Science Diet Light Small & Mini Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  2. #6 Hill’s Science Diet Adult Sensitive Stomach & Skin Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  3. #13 Hill’s Science Diet Adult 1-6 Small Bites Chicken & Barley Recipe Dry Dog Food
  4. #21 Hill’s Science Diet Adult 1-6 Chicken & Barley Recipe Dry Dog Food
  5. #24 Hill’s Science Diet Adult Sensitive Stomach & Skin Small & Mini Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  6. #40 Hill’s Science Diet Adult Large Breed Chicken & Barley Recipe Dry Dog Food
  7. #61 Hill’s Science Diet Adult Perfect Weight Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  8. #62 Hill’s Science Diet Adult 7+ Chicken Meal, Barley & Rice Recipe Dry Dog Food

Rank on Amazon's dog food best seller list, checked October 2026.

Usually listed with, share of the foods that list it

  1. Chicken 47%
  2. Mixed Tocopherols 37%
  3. Chicken Fat 34%
  4. Chicken Meal 33%
  5. Cracked Pearled Barley 32%
  6. Flaxseed 32%
  7. Brown Rice 28%
  8. Natural Flavor 27%
  9. Peas 23%
  10. Oatmeal 20%
  11. Brewers Rice 20%
  12. Carrots 19%

On the shelf

Foods that list Beta-Carotene

316 foods in our catalog list it. These 60 list it highest on the label.

Answers Pet Food New Additional Organic Raw Cow Milk Kefir Other States Dog Food TopperAnswers Pet FoodAnswers Pet Food New Additional Organic Raw Cow Milk Kefir Other States Dog Food TopperTopper // No. 2 on the labelAnswers Pet Food Additional Fermented Raw Goat Milk Other States Dog Food TopperAnswers Pet FoodAnswers Pet Food Additional Fermented Raw Goat Milk Other States Dog Food TopperTopper // No. 3 on the labelTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Grain Free Shredded Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potat Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Grain Free Shredded Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potat Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 7 on the labelHalo Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Grain Free Shredded Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potat Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Grain Free Shredded Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potat Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 7 on the labelNatural Balance Platefulls Tender Carrot, Potato & Beef Recipe Wet Dog FoodNatural BalanceNatural Balance Platefulls Tender Carrot, Potato & Beef Recipe Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 8 on the labelNature’s Recipe Healthy Skin Vegetarian Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Healthy Skin Vegetarian Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 10 on the labelTruDog Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken Stew w/ Carrots, P Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken Stew w/ Carrots, P Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 11 on the labelHalo Elevate Dog Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Duck and Beef Stew with Carrots, White Potatoes, and Brown Rice Can Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Dog Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Duck and Beef Stew with Carrots, White Potatoes, and Brown Rice Can Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 11 on the labelSimply Nourish Homestyle Adult Wet Dog FoodSimply NourishSimply Nourish Homestyle Adult Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 11 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Adult Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Adult Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 11 on the labelSolid Gold Homestyle Meals Wet Dog FoodSolid GoldSolid Gold Homestyle Meals Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 12 on the labelSimply Nourish Skin & Coat Recipe Adult Wet Dog FoodSimply NourishSimply Nourish Skin & Coat Recipe Adult Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 12 on the label
Show 48 more
Halo Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken Stew w/ Carrots, P Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken Stew w/ Carrots, P Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 11 on the labelTruDog Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken & Salmon Stew w/ C Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken & Salmon Stew w/ C Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 12 on the labelHalo Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken & Salmon Stew w/ C Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Kettle Cooked Chunky Healthy Grains Chicken & Salmon Stew w/ C Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 12 on the labelNature’s Recipe Easy to Digest Chicken Meal, Rice, & Barley Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Easy to Digest Chicken Meal, Rice, & Barley Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 12 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Small Bites Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Small Bites Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 12 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Senior Lamb Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Senior Lamb Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 12 on the labelTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Grain Free Glazed Chicken Stew w/ White Potatoes & C Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Grain Free Glazed Chicken Stew w/ White Potatoes & C Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 13 on the labelHalo Elevate Smoky BBQ Grain Free Glazed Chicken Stew w/ White Potatoes & C Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Smoky BBQ Grain Free Glazed Chicken Stew w/ White Potatoes & C Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 13 on the labelSimply Nourish Gut Health Recipe Adult Wet Dog FoodSimply NourishSimply Nourish Gut Health Recipe Adult Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 13 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Adult Lamb Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Adult Lamb Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 13 on the labelTruDog Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potatoes Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potatoes Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 14 on the labelTruDog Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Carrots & Spinach Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Carrots & Spinach Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 14 on the labelK9 Natural Chicken Feast Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodK9 NaturalK9 Natural Chicken Feast Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 14 on the labelHalo Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potatoes Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Sweet Potatoes Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 14 on the labelHalo Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Carrots & Spinach Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Homestyle Bone-In Grain Free Chicken Stew w/ Carrots & Spinach Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 14 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Duck Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Duck Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 14 on the labelTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Healthy Grains Braised Duck & Beef Stew w/ Whit Wet Dog FoodTruDogTruDog Elevate Smoky BBQ Stew Healthy Grains Braised Duck & Beef Stew w/ Whit Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelSolid Gold Nutrientboost Beef Meatball Wet Dog FoodSolid GoldSolid Gold Nutrientboost Beef Meatball Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelSolid Gold NutrientBoost Chicken Meatball Wet Dog FoodSolid GoldSolid Gold NutrientBoost Chicken Meatball Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelHalo Elevate Dog Smoky BBQ Stew Healthy Grains Braised Duck and Beef Stew with White Potatoes, Carrots, and Brown Rice Can Wet Dog FoodHaloHalo Elevate Dog Smoky BBQ Stew Healthy Grains Braised Duck and Beef Stew with White Potatoes, Carrots, and Brown Rice Can Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelHealth Extension Digestive Support, Beef & Carrot Entrée in Gravy Wet Dog FoodHealth ExtensionHealth Extension Digestive Support, Beef & Carrot Entrée in Gravy Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelSimply Nourish Hip & Joint Recipe Wet Dog FoodSimply NourishSimply Nourish Hip & Joint Recipe Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 15 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Venison Recipe Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Venison Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 15 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Rabbit Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Rabbit Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 15 on the labelArtemis Osopure Grain Free Beef Formula Wet Dog FoodArtemisArtemis Osopure Grain Free Beef Formula Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 16 on the labelBil-Jac Sensitive Solutions Skin & Stomach Support Chicken & Sweet Potato Recipe in Gravy - Bil-Jac Wet Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Sensitive Solutions Skin & Stomach Support Chicken & Sweet Potato Recipe in Gravy - Bil-Jac Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 16 on the labelHealth Extension Digestive Support, Chicken & Pumpkin Entrée in Gravy Wet Dog FoodHealth ExtensionHealth Extension Digestive Support, Chicken & Pumpkin Entrée in Gravy Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 16 on the labelHill’s Science Diet Adult 7+ Turkey & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodHill'sHill’s Science Diet Adult 7+ Turkey & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 16 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Insect Grain-Free Limited Ingredient Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Insect Grain-Free Limited Ingredient Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 16 on the labelNature’s Recipe Grain-Free Easy to Digest Chicken, Sweet Potato, & Pumpkin Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Grain-Free Easy to Digest Chicken, Sweet Potato, & Pumpkin Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 16 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Turkey Recipe Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Turkey Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 16 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Smoked Wild Boar & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Smoked Wild Boar & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 16 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Smoked Turkey & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Smoked Turkey & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 16 on the labelNature’s Recipe Small Breed Grain-Free Easy to Digest Chicken, Sweet Potato, & Pumpkin Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Small Breed Grain-Free Easy to Digest Chicken, Sweet Potato, & Pumpkin Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelStella & Chewy’s Gourmet Pate Gourmet Pâté for Dogs with Duck & Chicken - Grain Free Rich in Protein with Smooth Texture Wet Dog FoodStella & Chewy'sStella & Chewy’s Gourmet Pate Gourmet Pâté for Dogs with Duck & Chicken - Grain Free Rich in Protein with Smooth Texture Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 17 on the labelHill’s Adult Chicken & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodHill'sHill’s Adult Chicken & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 17 on the labelStella & Chewy’s Gourmet Pate Gourmet Pâté for Dogs with Chicken & Chicken Liver - Grain Free Rich in Protein with Smooth Texture Wet Dog FoodStella & Chewy'sStella & Chewy’s Gourmet Pate Gourmet Pâté for Dogs with Chicken & Chicken Liver - Grain Free Rich in Protein with Smooth Texture Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 17 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Stew Chicken, Rice & Barley Wet Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Stew Chicken, Rice & Barley Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 17 on the labelGo! Solutions Skin + Coat Care Beef with Grains Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Skin + Coat Care Beef with Grains Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Lamb Recipe Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Lamb Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Pollock Recipe Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Pollock Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Salmon Recipe Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Salmon Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Salmon Recipe Small Bites Dry Dog FoodGo! SolutionsGo! Solutions Sensitivities Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Salmon Recipe Small Bites Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Roasted Lamb & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Roasted Lamb & Butternut Squash Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 17 on the labelHill’s Science Diet Adult Small & Mini Chicken & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodHill'sHill’s Science Diet Adult Small & Mini Chicken & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 18 on the labelK9 Natural Beef & Hoki Feast Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodK9 NaturalK9 Natural Beef & Hoki Feast Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 18 on the labelDave’s Pet Food Restricted Diet Low Phosphorus Tuna Paté Dog Food TopperDave's Pet FoodDave’s Pet Food Restricted Diet Low Phosphorus Tuna Paté Dog Food TopperTopper // No. 18 on the labelHill’s Hill’s Science Diet Adult Salmon & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodHill'sHill’s Hill’s Science Diet Adult Salmon & Barley Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 18 on the label

On labels as

Other names for this

Manufacturers do not all use the same wording. These all mean the same thing.

Beta Carotene

Sources

What we read

Checked October 1, 2026.

  1. 1 Effect of Prolonged Feeding of Raw Carrots on Vitamin A Content of Liver and Kidneys in the Dog Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1934 // Journal
  2. 2 Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on oxidative damage and resistance to oxidative damage during prolonged exercise in sled dogs American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2000 // Journal
  3. 3 Antioxidant supplementation increases retinal responses and decreases refractive error changes in dogs Journal of Nutritional Science, 2016 // Journal
  4. 4 Roles of plant-based ingredients and phytonutrients in canine nutrition and health Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2022 // Journal
  5. 5 Assessment of the feed additive beta-carotene (3a160(a)) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation EFSA Journal, 2025 // Regulator
  6. 6 Beta-Carotene: properties and production methods Food Quality and Safety, 2018 // Journal
  7. 7 Reading Labels AAFCO, n.d. // Regulator
An ingredient on its own tells you very little. What matters is how much of it there is and where it sits in the list. That is why we weigh the top five rather than reacting to any single name further down. Back to the wiki

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