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Ingredient file // Vitamin or mineral

Choline Chloride

A small choline addition with a real job

Choline chloride is a manufactured salt added in small amounts to supply choline in dog food. Dogs use choline to build cell membranes and make the nerve messenger acetylcholine. Its presence does not show that the food improves memory or treats liver disease.

Role in the food Supporting nutrient
What it is
A manufactured salt added to dog food as a concentrated source of choline.
Made from
Trimethylamine, ethylene oxide and hydrochloric acid
Main job
Supplies dietary choline
Typical amount
One dog trial added 0.28% of a feed preparation
Watch for
Separate choline supplements added to complete food
Not the same as
Table salt

Straight answer

Is Choline Chloride safe for dogs?

Count it as choline, then judge the food

Choline chloride belongs among the small nutritional additions on a bag. Check the nutritional adequacy statement and the main ingredients to judge the food. This line tells you choline was added; it gives you no reason to expect sharper thinking or liver treatment.

Why it is in the food
Supplies dietary choline

Our read // In our catalog

In 1 of every 1 foods we track

Share of foods that list it

78%

2,489 of the 3,204 foods with an ingredient list on file, from 86 brands. 1,655 dry dog food, 736 wet dog food, 44 frozen dog food.

Each square is 1% of the catalog

Where it sits on the label

Median position 18. In the top five of 0 foods, so it is usually a minor ingredient.

Top five List position, heaviest first

Above the salt

12%

Usually listed after the salt, which caps it at roughly 1% of the recipe in 88% of foods.

Price per lb

Foods with it $3.12
All foods $3.25

Median of the cheapest bag price across 1,406 priced foods, 4% below the catalog. The price is the food's, not the ingredient's.

Who leans on it

7%

of the foods that list it are from Purina. 86 brands use it in total.

The story

How insulin research dogs revealed choline's job in the liver

Choline got its name in 1862, when the chemist Adolph Strecker boiled lecithin taken from bile and found that it released a new nitrogen-containing chemical. Researchers later learned that choline is part of two molecules the body relies on: phosphatidylcholine, a fat in every cell membrane, and acetylcholine, a nerve messenger. For about 70 years nobody showed that an animal needed it in food.8

The turning point came from dogs. In the summer of 1922, Charles Best, then a medical student at the University of Toronto, was assisting Frederick Banting when they discovered insulin. Their dogs had their pancreas removed, and those dogs developed fatty livers. Feeding raw pancreas or lecithin corrected the problem. From 1932 to 1934, Best showed that choline was the part of lecithin that prevented fatty liver in dogs and rats.8

Choline was formally recognized in human nutrition in 1998, when the US Institute of Medicine issued an Adequate Intake for it. AAFCO's dog food nutrient profiles also list a choline minimum. Feed makers reach that target with a salt made in chemical plants. Researchers describe choline chloride as the form used to supply choline in dog foods, though some other livestock feeds have switched to plant sources.4,8,9

What it is

How it is made

Chemical plants make choline chloride for animal feed and other uses. They combine commodity chemicals into a concentrated liquid, then may put it on a dry carrier so feed plants can weigh and mix it.2,7

  1. 01 // Source Commodity chemicals Trimethylamine, ethylene oxide and hydrochloric acid enter the production process.
  2. 02 // Process Reacted The chemicals react in a continuous process to form choline chloride.
  3. 03 // Process Concentrated The crude liquid passes through an evaporator, which removes water from the product.
  4. 04 // Process Mixed with carrier For solid feed preparations, choline chloride is mixed with corn cob material or silica.
  5. 05 // Output Feed additive The liquid concentrate or dry preparation is measured into feed to supply choline.

What is in it

Composition, dry matter

74.6

% choline

Pure, dry choline chloride delivers this share of choline by weight. A feed preparation with a carrier delivers less.

Choline 74.6%5
Chloride 25.1-25.7%6
Choline chloride purity 99.8-100%2

These rows describe the pure, dry compound and overlap rather than add up. Feed preparations vary because manufacturers sell liquid concentrates and dry products mixed with different amounts of carrier.2,5,6

Why it is in the bag

A real choline top-up, added in small amounts

  1. Main nutrition
  2. Supporting nutrient
  3. Does a job
  4. Mostly filler

Choline chloride is a common way dog food makers supply choline, a nutrient AAFCO's dog food profiles set a minimum for. Other ingredients carry some choline, and a measured addition brings the whole recipe up to that target. It usually sits among the vitamins and minerals low on the list, so the amount is small, but pure choline chloride is mostly choline, so a small dose does real work. It adds no protein or bulk.1,4,5,9

  1. 01

    Meets a nutrient target

    Other ingredients contribute choline, but a measured addition lets the formulator bring the complete recipe up to the dog food nutrient target.1,4

  2. 02

    Supplies building material

    Dogs use choline in cell membrane phospholipids and to make acetylcholine, a nerve messenger. The additive supplies choline for those ordinary functions.3

  3. 03

    Scales across batches

    A continuous chemical process supplies concentrated choline chloride. Dry preparations mixed with a carrier let feed plants measure and distribute a small addition.2,7

How much A controlled dog trial fed 0.28% of a choline chloride feed preparation in the comparison diet.1

Our read // The claims

What the evidence supports

Strong: controlled studies in dogs agree. Some: small or mixed dog data. Thin: mechanism or lab work only. None: nothing, or the evidence points the other way.

  1. Brands say

    It supplies choline that dogs need

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    Pure choline chloride is 74.6% choline by weight, and AAFCO lists a minimum of 1360 mg/kg dry matter for complete dog food. Adding it supplies choline; the ingredient line alone does not reveal the finished food's total.4,5

  2. Brands say

    It supports normal liver function

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    Choline is used to make phospholipids involved in fat handling. In a 16-dog, 45-day comparison of choline sources, ultrasound found no abnormal liver fat. That study did not test treatment of liver disease.1,3

  3. Brands say

    It sharpens a dog's memory

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    Choline is a precursor of acetylcholine, a nerve messenger. The 16-dog comparison measured digestion, blood findings and organs, but not learning or memory. No cited dog trial shows a memory benefit from added choline chloride.1,3

  4. Owners say

    Its synthetic origin makes dog food unsafe

    Outruns the evidence

    Evidence

    1. Strong
    2. Some
    3. Thin
    4. None

    It is chemically manufactured. EFSA assessed 78 safety publications and found no concern for animals under authorized feed uses. The review did identify a potential skin and breathing risk for people handling concentrated material.2,7

The research

Studies worth knowing

Published research we read for this page, dog studies first.

  1. 2022 // Feeding trial, 5 diets

    Herbal choline matched choline chloride for intake and weight9

    40 healthy adult dogs of various breeds, average age about 4.6 years

    Found. Over 60 days, intake and weight were similar on choline chloride and herbal choline. Cholesterol averaged 145.08 mg/dL in the choline chloride group and 192.31 mg/dL unsupplemented, but the authors never tested that pair directly.

    What it means. Choline chloride served as the standard, and dogs ate and held weight the same on it. Treat the lower cholesterol average as a hint, not a proven effect.

  2. 2022 // Feeding trial, 2 diets

    Herbal choline edged out choline chloride in a small beagle trial1

    16 adult beagles, 8 males and 8 females

    Found. After 45 days, the herbal choline group had lower cholesterol than the choline chloride group, 170.07 vs 215.50 mg/dL, and lower triglycerides. Body weight did not change. The herbal product's supplier funded the study.

    What it means. Choline chloride worked as the standard comparison. The claim that herbal choline is better rests on 1 small study paid for by the herbal supplier.

  3. 2019 // Feeding trial, 2 diets

    Krill supplement raised blood choline in sled dogs10

    20 Alaskan Huskies, 10 per group

    Found. After 6 weeks, plasma choline rose by 4.53 µmol/L in the krill group, compared with 1.21 µmol/L in the control group. The supplement raised diet choline only from 3129 to 3262 mg/kg. All authors worked for the krill supplier.

    What it means. The form of choline may affect blood levels. This trial tested krill rather than choline chloride, and the supplier funded it.

Straight answers

What owners ask

  1. Q01

    Is it just filler?

    No

    It supplies choline, a nutrient included in dog food nutrient profiles. Manufacturers add it to meet a nutritional target, not to add bulk or raise the protein figure.3,4

  2. Q02

    Does it mean poor ingredients?

    No

    A choline chloride listing tells you a source of choline was added. It does not tell you how much choline the other ingredients contribute or settle the quality of the complete food.1,4

  3. Q03

    Is the chloride too much?

    Not from this line

    Chloride is part of the compound, but the ingredient list gives no amount. It cannot tell you the finished food's chloride level, which depends on the whole recipe.4,6

Who uses it

Brands, best sellers and the company it keeps

Top brands, by foods that list it

  1. Purina 174 / 185
  2. Blue 170 / 186
  3. Royal Canin 148 / 160
  4. Hill's 112 / 116
  5. Nulo 98 / 117
  6. Merrick 98 / 107
  7. Wellness 94 / 118
  8. NutriSource 85 / 91
  9. Nutro 69 / 71
  10. Instinct 67 / 98

Foods that list it / all the brand's recipes we track.

Plus 76 more brands.

Amazon best sellers that list it

  1. #1 Blue Life Protection Formula Adult Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe Dry Dog Food
  2. #2 Purina One SmartBlend Adult Dog Lamb & Rice Formula Dry Dog Food
  3. #3 Purina Pro Plan Adult Complete Essentials Shredded Blend Chicken & Rice Formula Dry Dog Food
  4. #4 Hill’s Science Diet Light Small & Mini Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  5. #5 Blue Life Protection Formula Adult Small Breed Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe Dry Dog Food
  6. #6 Hill’s Science Diet Adult Sensitive Stomach & Skin Chicken Recipe Dry Dog Food
  7. #7 Stella & Chewy’s Marie’s Magical Dinner Dust Cage-Free Chicken Recipe Freeze-Dried Raw Dog Food Topper
  8. #8 Diamond Naturals Skin & Coat Formula All Life Stages Salmon & Potato Formula Dry Dog Food

Rank on Amazon's dog food best seller list, checked October 2026.

Usually listed with, share of the foods that list it

  1. Chicken 43%
  2. Mixed Tocopherols 38%
  3. Natural Flavor 36%
  4. Chicken Fat 35%
  5. Peas 30%
  6. Flaxseed 27%
  7. Chicken Meal 27%
  8. Brown Rice 24%
  9. Carrots 17%
  10. Sweet Potatoes 17%
  11. Dried Plain Beet Pulp 16%
  12. Potatoes 15%

On the shelf

Foods that list Choline Chloride

2,489 foods in our catalog list it. These 60 list it highest on the label.

Merrick Fresh Selects Turkey & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodMerrickMerrick Fresh Selects Turkey & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodFrozen // No. 6 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Dog Paw Lickin Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Dog Paw Lickin Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 7 on the labelMerrick Fresh Selects Chicken & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodMerrickMerrick Fresh Selects Chicken & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodFrozen // No. 7 on the labelGentle Giants Natural Non GMO Ingredients Grain Free Dog and Puppy Food Gentle Giants ‘Quality of Life’ 90% Salmon -Dog and Pupp Wet Dog FoodGentle GiantsGentle Giants Natural Non GMO Ingredients Grain Free Dog and Puppy Food Gentle Giants ‘Quality of Life’ 90% Salmon -Dog and Pupp Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 7 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Paw Lickin Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Paw Lickin Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 7 on the labelFirstMate Grain Friendly Cage Free Chicken Meal & Oats Formula Small Bites Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Grain Friendly Cage Free Chicken Meal & Oats Formula Small Bites Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 7 on the labelFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Weight Control Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Weight Control Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 7 on the labelZignature Inception Pork Formula Dry Dog FoodZignatureZignature Inception Pork Formula Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 7 on the labelGravy Train Ground Dinner With Chicken Wet Dog FoodGravy TrainGravy Train Ground Dinner With Chicken Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 8 on the labelOpen Farm Icelandic Cod & Herring Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodOpen FarmOpen Farm Icelandic Cod & Herring Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 8 on the labelZignature Inception Fish Formula Dry Dog FoodZignatureZignature Inception Fish Formula Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 8 on the labelThe Honest Kitchen Proper Toppers Grain-Free Chicken Recipe Dog Food TopperThe Honest KitchenThe Honest Kitchen Proper Toppers Grain-Free Chicken Recipe Dog Food TopperTopper // No. 8 on the label
Show 48 more
Merrick Fresh Selects Beef & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodMerrickMerrick Fresh Selects Beef & Brown Rice Fresh Frozen Dog FoodFrozen // No. 7 on the labelFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Large Breed Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Large Breed Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 7 on the labelFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Meal Original Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Pacific Ocean Fish Meal Original Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 7 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Dog Feeling Farmy Chicken, Egg & Pumpkin Dry Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Dog Feeling Farmy Chicken, Egg & Pumpkin Dry Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 8 on the labelFirstMate Limited Ingredient Diet Free Run Chicken Formula Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Limited Ingredient Diet Free Run Chicken Formula Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 8 on the labelFirstMate Chicken Meal With Blueberries Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Chicken Meal With Blueberries Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 8 on the labelThe Honest Kitchen Proper Toppers Grain-Free Turkey Recipe Dog Food TopperThe Honest KitchenThe Honest Kitchen Proper Toppers Grain-Free Turkey Recipe Dog Food TopperTopper // No. 8 on the labelPurina Beneful Chicken & Carrots Loaf Wet Dog FoodPurinaPurina Beneful Chicken & Carrots Loaf Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelNow Fresh Chicken & Broth Wet Food for Small Breed Dogs Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodNow FreshNow Fresh Chicken & Broth Wet Food for Small Breed Dogs Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelBixbi Rawbble Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodBIXBIBixbi Rawbble Grain-Free Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 9 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Marbella Paella with Mackerel & Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Marbella Paella with Mackerel & Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelThe Honest Kitchen Tender Turkey One Pot Stew Wet Dog FoodThe Honest KitchenThe Honest Kitchen Tender Turkey One Pot Stew Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelThe Honest Kitchen Slow Cooked Chicken One Pot Stew Wet Dog FoodThe Honest KitchenThe Honest Kitchen Slow Cooked Chicken One Pot Stew Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelOpen Farm Icelandic Salmon & Capelin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodOpen FarmOpen Farm Icelandic Salmon & Capelin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelMerrick Lil’ Plates Petite Pates Lamb Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodMerrickMerrick Lil’ Plates Petite Pates Lamb Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelMerrick Lil’ Plates Petite Pates Chicken Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodMerrickMerrick Lil’ Plates Petite Pates Chicken Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 9 on the labelFirstMate Australian Lamb Meal Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Australian Lamb Meal Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelFirstMate Skoki Dry Dog FoodFirstMateFirstMate Skoki Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelZignature Original Pork Formula with Probiotics Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodZignatureZignature Original Pork Formula with Probiotics Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelBil-Jac Large Breed Dry Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Large Breed Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelNature’s Recipe Original Small Bites Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodNature's RecipeNature’s Recipe Original Small Bites Chicken Meal & Rice Recipe Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Duck Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Duck Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Alaska Pollock Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodEarthborn HolisticEarthborn Holistic Venture Limited Ingredient Grain-Free Alaska Pollock Meal & Pumpkin Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelBil-Jac Large Breed Adult Dry Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Large Breed Adult Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 9 on the labelZignature Original Lamb Formula with Probiotics Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodZignatureZignature Original Lamb Formula with Probiotics Grain-Free Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 10 on the labelPurina Beneful Beef & Peas Loaf Wet Dog FoodPurinaPurina Beneful Beef & Peas Loaf Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelOpen Farm Grass-Fed Beef Raw Patties Freeze-Dried Dog FoodOpen FarmOpen Farm Grass-Fed Beef Raw Patties Freeze-Dried Dog FoodFreeze-Dried // No. 10 on the labelGentle Giants already_have Natural Non GMO Ingredients Dog and Puppy Food - Fresh Beef Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodGentle GiantsGentle Giants already_have Natural Non GMO Ingredients Dog and Puppy Food - Fresh Beef Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelBixbi Liberty Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodBIXBIBixbi Liberty Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelDave’s Pet Food Bland Diet Pouches Dave’s Bland Duck & Pumpkin Pouch Recipe for Dogs / 10 Pack - Pou Wet Dog FoodDave's Pet FoodDave’s Pet Food Bland Diet Pouches Dave’s Bland Duck & Pumpkin Pouch Recipe for Dogs / 10 Pack - Pou Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelDave’s Pet Food Naturally Healthy Chicken & Rice Entrée For Dogs / Wet Dog FoodDave's Pet FoodDave’s Pet Food Naturally Healthy Chicken & Rice Entrée For Dogs / Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelGentle Giants Natural Non GMO Ingredients Grain Free Dog and Puppy Food Gentle Giants ‘Quality of Life’ 90% Chicken -Dog and Pup Wet Dog FoodGentle GiantsGentle Giants Natural Non GMO Ingredients Grain Free Dog and Puppy Food Gentle Giants ‘Quality of Life’ 90% Chicken -Dog and Pup Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelKoha Pure Shreds Shredded Duck Entrée Wet Dog FoodKohaKoha Pure Shreds Shredded Duck Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelKoha Pure Shreds Shredded Beef Entrée Wet Dog FoodKohaKoha Pure Shreds Shredded Beef Entrée Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Lamb & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodKohaKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Lamb & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Beef & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodKohaKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Beef & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Chicken & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodKohaKoha Limited Ingredient Bland Diet Chicken & Rice Recipe Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen BFF Fun Size Meals Roll The Dice Chicken & Rice Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen BFF Fun Size Meals Roll The Dice Chicken & Rice Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Love Me Tender Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Love Me Tender Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Funky Chunky Chicken Soup with Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Funky Chunky Chicken Soup with Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Amazon Livin Wet Dog FoodWeruvaWeruva Dogs in the Kitchen Classic Dog Amazon Livin Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWellness Core 95% Turkey & Spinach Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWellnessWellness Core 95% Turkey & Spinach Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelWellness Core 95% Chicken & Broccoli Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWellnessWellness Core 95% Chicken & Broccoli Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelBil-Jac Picky No More Medium & Large Breed Dry Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Picky No More Medium & Large Breed Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 10 on the labelBil-Jac Sensitive Solutions Healthy Weight Support Dry Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Sensitive Solutions Healthy Weight Support Dry Dog FoodDry // No. 10 on the labelBil-Jac Pâté Platters with Duck & Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodBil-JacBil-Jac Pâté Platters with Duck & Pumpkin Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelZignature Essence LIR Ocean Recipe Food Can Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodZignatureZignature Essence LIR Ocean Recipe Food Can Grain-Free Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the labelZignature Inception Chicken Recipe Food Can Wet Dog FoodZignatureZignature Inception Chicken Recipe Food Can Wet Dog FoodWet // No. 10 on the label

Sources

What we read

Checked September 1, 2026.

  1. 1 Effects of an Herbal Source of Choline on Diet Digestibility and Palatability, Blood Lipid Profile, Liver Morphology, and Cardiac Function in Dogs Animals, 2022 // Journal
  2. 2 Assessment of the feed additive consisting of choline chloride for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (Andrés Pintaluba S.A., Taminco B.V., Balchem Italia S.r.l.) EFSA Journal, 2025 // Journal
  3. 3 Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of choline chloride as a feed additive for all animal species EFSA Journal, 2011 // Journal
  4. 4 AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles AAFCO, 2013 // Regulator
  5. 5 Prenatal and Postnatal Choline Supplementation in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Nutrients, 2022 // Journal
  6. 6 Choline chloride (CAS 67-48-1) Santa Cruz Biotechnology, n.d. // Industry
  7. 7 Choline chloride process Johnson Matthey, n.d. // Industry
  8. 8 A brief history of choline Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012 // Journal
  9. 9 Influence of a Polyherbal Choline Source in Dogs: Body Weight Changes, Blood Metabolites, and Gene Expression Animals, 2022 // Journal
  10. 10 Phosphatidylcholine from krill increases plasma choline and its metabolites in dogs Veterinary World, 2019 // Journal
An ingredient on its own tells you very little. What matters is how much of it there is and where it sits in the list. That is why we weigh the top five rather than reacting to any single name further down. Back to the wiki

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